Action Observation and Motor Imagery Training in Cervical Disc Herniation

Inclusion Criteria: Adults aged 18 to 65 years. Diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy confirmed by a physician based on clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). History of chronic neck pain lasting at least 3 months. Sufficient active cervical range of motion to participate in the intervention (flexion and extension ≥20°, lateral flexion ≥15°, and rotation ≥30°). Neck pain intensity of ≥3 points on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and neck disability of ≥10 points on the Neck Disability Index (NDI) at baseline. Willingness to participate and provision of written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: Inability to comply with the study protocol or cooperate with study procedures. Cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia or learning disability) that would interfere with understanding or completing the intervention or assessments. History of cervical spine surgery. Acute trauma, fracture, tumor, infection, or other serious pathology involving the cervical spine or shoulder region. Cervical spinal stenosis, cervical myelopathy, advanced cervical spondylosis, or other significant structural degenerative cervical spine disorders. Uncontrolled neurological or systemic disease that could influence study participation or outcomes. Receipt of any treatment targeting the cervical region within the previous 6 months (e.g., physiotherapy, injection therapy, or other invasive interventions). Visual impairment, hearing impairment, or severe vestibular disorders that would prevent participation in the intervention protocol.